Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical stability, and physical strength. Assessing the performanc

Wastewater treatment plants are facing increasing demands to effectively remove pollutants and produce high-quality effluent. Traditional processes often struggle in treating certain contaminants, leading to water quality concerns. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a innovative solution for improving wastewater treatment procedure